How about changing the text ever so slightly, so rather than just "Learn More" it's "Learn move about X"?

There's a section with a nice header making it's clear it's about X, a paragraph with details about X. Adding redundant text in the button isn't improving design. "Learn more about Synthetic Data Generation" is a truly gnarly button. I have played with making the entire section the link, which makes lighthouse stop complaining, but is lousy for providing an affordance to the user that it's an action.

Consider a product listings page, with a "Buy" button/link next to every product. Should those links be changed to differ from each other? Google Lighthouse sure thinks so, so it's better ignored.

Fair point, no you're right that would be a bit silly to have "Buy X" instead of just "Buy". I would argue that that's the label of a button, not a link though.

Yes, but Lighthouse considers buttons and links to be the same if there's a "href".

In which case you ignore people with screen readers and search engines, too.

Learn more is perfectly descriptive for people with screen readers.

And combined with resulting page, perfectly descriptive for search engines.