If we measure it in /64s, yeah, it's definitely more than you could ever use.
However, IPv6 space has to be measured in /48s, and IPv4 in /24s, as those are the smallest possible BGP announcable blocks.
With IPv6 there's also an unwritten rule that RIRs will only assign blocks ending on a nibble boundary (with the exception of RIPE and their /29s that they expand by one bit every time you run out).
So a /44 is on the second smallest nibble boundary, making it the second smallest allocation possible.
Yep! But realistically I'm just one dude with a home network and a few VPSes doing BGP. How many /48s do I need? I was experimenting with traffic engineering so I did announce some /48's out of the /44 but that got old pretty quick.
> But realistically I'm just one dude with a home network and a few VPSes doing BGP. How many /48s do I need?
Well, if the VPSes are in seperate sites, at least one per VPS, which means at least 2, which means that according to allocation policies, at least a /44. :)
NAT64 covers most of the cases. However, in my homelab experiements I very quickly found out that IPv4 literal addresses are a bit problematic for me.
There are ways to fix that with 464XLAT/CLAT, but I never got around to deploying it.
These days I'm just running dual-stack, with no NAT64. I hate NAT with a burning passion, so adding another layer of stateful NAT is a bit of a net negative in my eyes.
Someday I'll go full IPv6 on my home network with 464XLAT. And then I'll realize that some stupid IoT device or something is not CLAT aware. Obviously there are solutions around that too, but they require an intermediate device.
If you have NAT64, DNS64 and use “IPv6-mostly” option 108 on DHCP, then CLAT will be activated on supporting devices automatically - and then you can turn the dhcpv4 off when you see no leases on it :-)
True :) the nice thing with 108 is that it is supposed to be “seamless” - that is, you will see (by the absence of leases) that “it’s finally time” to remove it. And the legacy old devices will still continue to work till then.
I resigned myself to the fact that IoT crappy devices will always exist and I isolated these to their own VLAN with IPv4-only (maybe I'll go dual-stack at some point).
Yes, VLANs add complexity -- even the obligatory IoT VLAN -- but I generally want to keep these IoT devices isolated anyway.
> Dedicated Internet access is a thing, but it's expensive; and I'd argue that even that is oversubscribed if you go far enough up the chain.
The only way to get internet access that’s not oversubscribed is by renting (or pulling your own) layer 0. By that I mean either renting a wavelength between certain PoPs or just pulling your own fiber.
The rock bottom rate for IP transit is $60/gbps. None of the infrastructure cost is included here.
And that’s with Hurricane Electric. They are a bit notorious for having probably the worst routing in the industry, but they are also the cheapest in the industry.
It’s nowhere near as simple as “large fiber pipes capable of accomodating spikes”.
There are very good reasons why hyperscalers are building their own intercontinental undersea fiber networks. So they don’t have to pay for the _extremely_ expensive intercontinental transit.
Last I checked renting a wave capable of doing 400gbps between Amsterdam and New York was close to $80k/mo. A wave is basically a dedicated wavelength of light guaranteed to you and only you.
You don’t want your ISP to oversubscribe? Become your own ISP. Get an AS number. Get your own IP space (both of these can be done on the cheap, /36 of v6 is basically free and /24 of v4 can be had for $100 a month). Get a BGP session with a transit provider. Pay them for transit.
Get IXP links so you have direct access to AWS, Google and Netflix. Save on the transit costs there! But the IXP peerings aren’t cheap and on a small scale will certainly cost more than transit.
Congratulations, you’re now paying $1000 a month for 1gbps guaranteed. It gets cheaper with scale, but scale also increases your infra costs.
Everyone would be on 10mbps if ISPs weren’t allowed to oversubscribe.
I became my own ISP as a hobby (https://bgp.tools/as/200676). This hobby costs me $200/mo, and I don’t have any real transit, just cheapo VPSes in locations convenient for me.
Wanna know what my residential ISP whom I pay €19/mo for 1gbps residential service quoted me for a BGP session at my home on a business connection? €9800 in setup fees, €2000/mo, min. 3 year commitment + transit. Of course that was a “fuck off, we just don’t want to do this” quote, but the only alternative I have here is to pull my own fiber.
> 10gbps transit at the rock bottom rate costs $600/mo.
So then 300Mb/s transit, which is around the services these incumbent dinosaur ISPs are offering, is $20/mo? And $20/mo is only 10-20% of their large monthly bills? You're basically proving the opposing argument here in the general case [0].
For reference, I've asked my 1Gb/s municipal provider if they have bandwidth caps, and they told me "no" and that they are not concerned with how much bandwidth I use.
[0] The specific case is that most users are streaming video from large entertainment providers, for which the ISP isn't even paying transit but rather merely the electricity and rack units of CDN edge boxes.
> If Spotify, NetFlix, & Apple music are prioritized over streaming services by other companies
There’s a good reason why this is the case. All the major ISPs essentially worldwide have caching servers for all the major streaming service providers. Those servers sit directly at some PoP for the ISP.
This effectively removes the need for transit. Which is a win/win, for both, the ISP, and the streaming service.
IP transit at scale is not cheap.
Essentially what I’m saying is that it costs your ISP nothing to provide you with Netflix content, but it might be significantly more expensive to provide Disney+, for example.
25 years ago I got a misdemeanor citation for rollerblading on the sidewalk in downtown Charlottesville, Virginia, which required me to make a court appearance and pay for a VERY expensive lawyer to get the charge thrown out. If instead I'd paid the $25 fine, I'd have had a permanent misdemeanor charge on my record.
Having a record of such a minor infraction doesn’t seem to me a problem, in and of itself. The problem would be if such records were public, available to potential employers, etc. If the records were private to the courts, that’d be something else. Not sure how it is in USA.
It’s a difficult balance. On one hand, privacy is important. On the other hand, visibility into the system is an important check on the power of law enforcement. It’s especially important for arrests; you really, really do not want the police to be allowed to secretly jail people. But it’s important for other things too. In this example, if the police were using rollerblading citations as a way to harass a certain group of people, it’s good to have access to that information to be able to discover this.
Not in the least. I’m just saying there are good reasons for everything that did happen to be public record. (And some good reasons for privacy. There’s a conflict and a balance to be found.)
In the USA it is public record which in practice means anyone with money can get the record. This is potentially a large part of the high US recidivism. Once you have been convicted once, most employers will see the record and refuse to hire you forever.
Assuming the record was as an adult, it will be reported publicly by the county (or other jurisdiction) court system and be on public record. This used to be a musty records keeping office somewhere you'd have to go in person and request the records of the individual in question - so without prior knowledge of where a conviction was it was difficult to "background check" people without extensive investigation.
Then these became digitized and put on-line most places.
The larger issue is data brokers who aggregate the records of literally everyone in the entire US (or close to it) into one database you can pay them to make lookups into. They send someone to every courthouse in the US (well, they sub-contract others who sub-contract, etc.) and get all new records. This builds a nationally searchable database that more or lives on indefinitely. All legal since the records are public information.
You can get records sealed and such by court order, but once it's aggregated it's basically a game of whack-a-mole. You can go further and get it expunged which typically requires a state governor signature or similar, where then you might have better luck with said data brokers as the penalties for reporting it are heavy in some states.
It's a very fractionalized system, built out of bailing wire and duct tape like most such records are in the US for historical reasons.
Some employers simply have a binary policy of "zero criminal records" and don't go any further into detail beyond that. Other employers are more lenient, but the more desirable a job is the more likely you are to run into the former policy.
Adult criminal records are public in the US (juvenile records vary by state but are usually confidential, and I think in most states also automatically expunged after a certain period or age.)
I was charged with misdemeanor reckless driving for going the speed limit in heavy rain and hydroplaning into another car. My fault for sure, but a criminal charge seems over the top.
Spent $1,500 on a lawyer who negotiated it to a trivial “failure to maintain control” ticket with a maybe $100 fine.
The system is dumb. Or maybe it’s smart, giving people with means, like us, favorable treatment without having to outright say “poor people aren’t worthy.”
> I was charged with misdemeanor reckless driving for going the speed limit in heavy rain and hydroplaning into another car. My fault for sure, but a criminal charge seems over the top.
If they charged every rain related accident in Arizona as a criminal offence the court system would be clogged up for months after the monsoon season...
Restricted access highway, no cyclists allowed or present.
I don't think “reckless” is the right word. Clueless, really. I didn’t know there was a problem until I lost traction.
Whatever you want to call it, do you really think that’s worth a criminal charge? Possibly destroying my livelihood over this? Do you think the possibility of criminal charges is what stops me from doing it again, versus the potential damage to life and property, including my own? Lay it out for me.
I was taught not to drive fast on roads like that, specifically due to the risk of hydroplaning. Significantly slower than the likely speed limit, unless the speed limit on your highway was 60 kmph. You never do know how good your braking action is going to be, so preemptively slowing down is the only option.
I don’t believe your driving was safe. I also don’t believe you were taught driving correctly, assuming you’re American, and I might also believe that driving slowly would have been equally dangerous, if the other cars did not.
Furthermore, I don’t believe a reckless driving charge without injury should be a criminal matter or that a criminal conviction should destroy someone’s livelihood.
However, four wrongs don’t make a right. It just makes a mess.
From your use of “kmph” I’m going to guess that you live in a country with decent driver training.
I’m in the US, where driver training goes just slightly beyond checking if the candidate is capable of fogging a mirror. I learned in a northern state so we learned a lot about how to deal with ice and snow, but I don’t think there was anything about rain. If there was, I’d forgotten it in the 20+ years since I last had any training or check.
I agree with you that my driving was unsafe and I wasn’t taught well. I don’t think my behavior even came close to criminal.
I am confused about your assessment of my charge. You previously said it was correct. Now you think it shouldn’t have been a criminal charge?
Well, I originally missed the “criminal” bit. I was agreeing that it was reckless. A misdemeanour wouldn’t be considered a criminal charge where I live; it goes through a similar system, but has far fewer implications.
Ok. Unfortunately that bit was the entire point. If it had been a “reckless driving” traffic ticket I wouldn’t have a problem with it and wouldn’t be commenting about it here.
Well I met those requirements and still didn’t know enough to avoid this.
On one hand, there’s a responsibility to seek further knowledge and self-evaluate. I accept responsibility for not doing that here.
On the other hand, having the government sign off on your training as officially adequate, then threatening to jail you and put a conviction on your record when it wasn’t, seems rather uncool. Hold me liable for damages? Sure. Ticket me? Ok. But charge me with an actual crime?
People gain more experience. Many/most also naturally become more cautious with age. I know there's a school of thought here that if we just made licensing more time consuming and expensive--whatever the cost in employment possibilities etc.--problems would go away. But I'm not sure how much classes, beyond a certain point, for a young driver really help.
i.e. own real estate? Try not paying the property tax on it, and see who really owns it. :)