No, it does. "The only two features in the language that do not follow the zero-overhead principle are runtime type identification and exceptions, and are why most compilers include a switch to turn them off." - https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/Zero-overhead_pri...
When most people refer to Java, they're referring to the "Java SE Platform" (the one that ships with all the stdlib stuff you'd expect, requiring a ton of process-boot-time logic and runtime support threads); not the "Java SE Embedded Platform" (the one you'd use to write e.g. Java Card software for smartcards, that doesn't have all of that stuff.) "Java for the Java SE Platform" and "Java for the Java SE Embedded Platform" are essentially two different languages, with the latter being a strict subset of the former.
When most people refer to C++, they're referring to the platform you get by linking the C++ STL. There's also what you might informally call "RTOS kernel C++" — C++ with all its syntax features (exceptions and destructors and RTTI) but no STL — that you get by linking only to a core C++ runtime support libraries (libsupc++/libc++abi/etc); and there's also "ultra-low-power embedded C++", where you don't even link to these, and don't get to use those features, so you instead have to use placement `new` and manual destructor calls, do your own error-handling with sentinel values or tagged unions or what-have-you, etc. These platforms are, again, essentially their own languages, each a strict subset of the one before.
Just like you can't hire a random Java programmer and expect them to be immediately productive on a Java Card codebase, C++ programmers are not "ultra-low-power embedded C++" programmers, any more than C# or Objective-C programmers are C programmers, or any more than C programmers are assembly-language programmers.
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You might rebut with "C++ has a lot of subsets; it's a language with a lot of features that people can take or leave; people still call all of these subsets C++."
Yes, people do get used to thinking of C++ as "a language that has a bunch of different features that you can choose to use or not", and that mental-schema inertia carries over into this case — but it doesn't / shouldn't actually be applied here, and people are wrong to do so.
In the case of other C++ features, if you're not using a feature, it's because you just don't need what it does. When you choose to constrain your use of most C++ features, this results in the codebase being easier to understand. For most C++ features, avoiding use of the feature reduces the experience barrier required to begin contributing to the codebase. Which is why the subsets of C++ that don't use these features, are still just "C++": anyone who is a "C++ programmer" can instantly and intuitively maintain a codebase that is written in one of these subsets of C++.
But in the case of the syntax features requiring C++ runtime support, if you're strictly adhering to not using those... then you're having to do far more onerous and esoteric stuff (placement new + manual destructing; C-like error handling; BYO type metadata with intermediate void-ptr casting) instead. And that's stuff they don't even teach you how to do in a C++ course, or even a very thick C++ textbook.
As a "C++ programmer" cannot be expected to code for this "ultra-low-power embedded C++", you may as well consider it a separate language.
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And if you agree with that, then you should agree that it makes sense to claim that C++ has a runtime. It is only the separate language, "ultra-low-power embedded C++", that doesn't.
It's easy to claim generalities and from there claim things that must be true, but when it comes down to it, C++ enables things that just can't be done without changing. Turning off a feature is trivial, adding destructors, move semantics and being able to wrap generic data structures up so they have value semantics is just not something you can do with C.
Saying "people generally mean this" is not only not true it isn't any sort of technical argument.
