The main/only difference here is that Puppeteer only supports Chromium, while Playwright support multiple browsers. CDP is the Chrome DevTools Protocol. Otherwise, as long as you're using Chrome in both, you get the same base protocol with a different API.
EDIT: https://github.com/adriancooney/puppeteer-heap-snapshot/blob... is the code that captures the snapshot, and it uses createCDPSession() - it looks like Playwright has an equivalent for that Puppeteer API, documented here: https://playwright.dev/docs/api/class-cdpsession