I _think_ they're often nitinol, i.e., shape-memory metal. Nitinol can be hot-formed, cooled, then formed a further limited amount. When reheated, they will return to their hot-formed shape.
I don't think a shape memory alloy would provide a shock. I suspect they are solenoids(vs explosive bolts) used to detach the vehicle from it's mounting plate on the rocket. and the engineers as they went down the list trying increasingly wild ideas to get the antenna to deploy reached "fire the release solenoids, and hope it shakes the antenna pin in the correct way".
It did, so slow clap for the engineers for saving a very expensive science experiment remotely from billions of miles away. well done.
The French fans of American MMA express their appreciation with golf or tennis claps. A contrast in technique and style between American and French MMA is seen in the Jon Jones vs Cyril Gane heavy weight fight.
Back on topic, the release mechanism jams every now and again across the probes sent to deep space. Hope the engineers are given the window of opportunity to solve this category of problem once and for all by business-ops. The release of the JWST antenna while at the moment of sparkly reflections in the sunshine looked real strong.
Or it could be a PCM pin-puller system: basically paraffin is heated and while it liquifies, it will slightly expand and push a pin that will trigger the release.