Yes, although there is a trade-off with respect to the fact that the more vibrant you want your colors to be, the more brightness they generally require (starting from dark colors), which may result in less contrast on a white vs. a black background. On a white background you therefore want to stay with muted/dark text colors.

Another consideration is that screen brightness should roughly correspond to the ambient brightness of the environment. Unless you work in the dark, that basically requires a light background.

Vibrant text colors on a dark background look attractive (like neon signs), but aren’t very ergonomic in the long run.