Pretty much all modern GPUs, discrete or integrated, use MMUs/TLBs to access out of core memory. I can confirm that the PowerVR has had an MMU since at least the SGX days (the page table management can been seen in the (barely) Linux kernel portion of their driver that they open sourced eons ago). Most of the other integrated GPUs got on board a few years later. Discrete GPUs have had MMUs over a decade since that gets them better perf, as there's less validation of the command buffers needed if worse case you can only crash your own user context. that_was_always_allowed.jpeg Leaning into those ubiquitous MMUs is half the point of Mantle/Vulkan/DX12/Metal, since you can rely on hardware protection and get to remove the older standards' required validation checks if you can only crash your own process's code (ideally, baring bugs that for sure exist).