No, that's what a Garden Of Eden state is and they are extremely different from the configuration for this theorem. A Garden of Eden state at time t has no possible states before time t - there is nothing that could have produced it. It can only be reached by starting with GoL set to it, it has no past - only a future.
Conway's theorem asks whether there is a self-replicating pattern whose only ancestor is itself. By induction, this also means its only predecessor is also itself. The states that satisfy this theorem have infinite past and future states that all contain the same specific pattern.
If I am understanding correctly that is not the case. The point of the "don't care" squares in the diagram is that the pattern will continue no matter what they are so any outside interference is irrelevant. It won't be sufficient to change the pattern.
Right -- this discovery is about identical states extending into the past, not into the future.
A Conway's Life pattern that has to stay the same into the indefinite future would be an impenetrable wall, and we don't know of any such thing in the Life rule. It hasn't exactly been proved impossible, but nobody seriously thinks that such a thing exists.
I think it _can_ easily be proven that a finite stable (period 1) impenetrable wall can't exist. It's trivial to find a way to attack the corners, and almost equally trivial to find something that makes a change at any edge.
The configuration in the article is a Garden of Eden, but it is also a still life. Also, while the past is fixed, the future might look different from interference from outside.
It's technically not a Garden of Eden, because it has a predecessor, namely itself. But it is nearly a GoE, in the sense that it only has one predecessor.
The purpose of the cells in yellow is to turn the patch relevant to this discussion into a still life: it's already got the property of "must exist in gen N-1 if it is in gen N" without those yellows, but this serves to keep it from destabilizing instantly.
