The CEO at the time, Martin Winterkor, and at least six other executives were indicted. Some of the executives were jailed but still not the CEO (I can find mentions of prosecutors discussing the sentence but no mention of him actually starting serving it).
But I have muche less hope in the capacity of the US to seriously incriminate its poster child.
The CEO Martin Winterkorn is German and Germany doesn't extradite their citizens outside the EU so nothing will happen there. According to Wikipedia, he was also charged in Germany but looks like he will walk free from most charges.
