As a European having lived in the US, brick walls and concrete floors are definitely a way rarer find than in Europe. Even some single-floor multi-apartment complexes are entirely wooden. The typical motel from American movies, but instead residential, is also almost entirely wooden.

Very much depends. The foundation is always concrete, although for single-family or duplex homes the floor being concrete would pretty non-standard (that's usually wood, tile, or faux-wood e.g. vinyl, laminate). The framing is generally lumber. The exterior siding can come in any number of forms: stucco, wood, metal, vinyl, brick, etc. Brick in particular is rare on the west coast, FWIW, due to seismic conditions, but is much more common in the east.

Where does insulation go in a brick single-family home?

New homes, certainly in the UK are double-skinned with insulation between the layers. In the past most were double-brick, but some combination of brick and timber has become common.

On the facade, that is between the facade and the bricks there is a layer of styroform and other insulations.

Depends. I've seen renovations with it between the double brick wall, on the outside or the inside.

It depends on the area. And it applies to Europe too. Plenty of areas where wood frames are more common.

I live in south-eastern Europe and almost all houses are brick. Only smaller buildings in the yard are built from wood but sometimes even they are made with bricks.

Good. Now go visit northern europe.