Yeah I suppose if you use a server-side framework you can use a templating engine to create partials for your components and have a single source of truth that way. I was curious to know if there was a way to do it with just Vue + some build step and pre-rendering
Not sure about Vue, but in React the simplest thing you could do is to use ReactDOMServer.renderToStaticMarkup(). You can develop your whole "app" in React and then create a JS-less HTML output. There's also Charge [1], a React static site generator with no client-side JavaScript.
Only for interactive components. You can use PHP or a static site generator and create components with no runtime JS at all.