Interesting use of CVV, since vendors aren't permitted to store it. But Chrome does, for you... is that synced across browsers? That would require Google to store the CVV on its servers...
My understanding was that Google doesn't store your CVV anywhere, which is why you need to enter it every time. When you do so, it attempts to charge you zero units of your preferred currency (or perhaps it gives you zero, not sure) and if the transaction succeeds it accepts the CVV as valid.
The CCV check Chrome does doesn't compare the entered CCV against anything stored at all. Instead, it charges a small amount to verify the credit card. See my comment below.
Your mileage my vary, but I'd be very surprised if it does.
To be clear, this is not from any Google purchase. That's what happens if I use my CC in Chrome on any site.
It also has to be noted that this implementation is pretty bad. On pre-paid CC (i.e. your CC payments are directly tied to your bank account - there is no CC bill), this will negatively impact your spending balance:
I might be an order of magnitude off here, but I believe there's only around 1 billion unique numbers per card once you take away check sum digits and look at how they are issued.
Assuming that's correct, it really wouldn't take up much memory or computing power to create a lookup table for every credit card number with hash x.