>Java is actually very memory efficient, all things considering
That makes me wonder about your universe of things to consider. Java's terrible memory usage was set in stone the moment they decided not to include structured value types.
Besides being planned for Java 10, there are AOT and JIT compilers for Java that are able to convert simple Java types that follow a specific value pattern into value types.
An example would be how the IBM J9 JIT converts a final Point class, just with getters and setters into a value type.
Also there are language extensions from JVMs like IBM Packed Objects or Azul Object layouts that are exploring how to involve the language into value types.
It sucks that they didn't follow the route of Mesa, Modula-3, Eiffel and Oberon in regards to value types, but they aren't holding still.
If the compiler can prove that an object is final and immutable and is never used in any other context that requires reference semantics, it could potentially use that optimization.
But then you also need data structures that can be parameterized to store such value objects as values. Otherwise you're back to square one.
No, the Java language is not set in stone. Its terrible memory usage is set in stone as long as the language doesn't have value types.
If (and that's a big if) they introduce value types in 2018, it will have been almost 25 years since that fateful decision that has done so much damage.
While it sucks that Java does not support value types like other GC enabled languages, apparently Go owner's are fine with that decision, to the point of fighting to keep using it on their products instead of replacing it with Go.
That makes me wonder about your universe of things to consider. Java's terrible memory usage was set in stone the moment they decided not to include structured value types.