A natural follow-up to your question might be: "If everything is expanding, then wouldn't the ruler itself be expanding, so the expansion becomes unobservable?"
I'm not a physicist, but from my understanding, the situation is a bit more complicated than the phrasing in your question suggests.
Observation #1: The light from far-away galaxies is redshifted (spectral lines are a bit off from where we'd expect them to be). This suggests that these galaxies are moving away from us. The farther away the galaxy, the more it is redshifted. This suggests that the farther away the galaxy, the faster it is moving. Observations indicate that the recession speed is directly proportional to distance.
This observation is consistent with general relativity, which suggests an expanding universe with homogeneous mass.
But on a smaller scale, gravitational binding somehow takes over, and on even smaller scale, things like electromagnetic and nuclear interactions start having a greater impact, and that's why the Milky Way isn't itself expanding. For that matter, even Andromeda (0.8 Mpc) is too close to be affected by Hubble-style expansion, which only becomes observable at the multi-megaparsec scale.
The Indian Supreme Court introduced the Basic Structure Doctrine in 1970, allowing the judiciary to overrule constitutional amendments if they are found to contradict the "basic structure" of the constitution.
It's original purpose, if I understand correctly, was to guarantee that fundamental rights were an essential part of the constitution and couldn't be amended away.
Wikipedia says that multiple countries appear to have adopted the principle: Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Uganda.
It's also because making some of these decisions (choosing health insurance, deciding how much to save, etc.) involve two considerations---the first being purely analytic (mundane cost vs. probability of contracting major disease vs. cost of catastrophe) and the other being necessarily extra-analytic (how risk averse the individual is).
One can objectively reason through the first set of considerations, while the second involves a subjective element and is likely heavily influenced by their upbringing and life experiences.
Nobody knows how much to save or how much to spend on insurance. It's completely reasonable to seek advice, and one's parents might be a great starting point.
Instead of the ones(10^0)-thousands(10^3)-millions(10^6)-billions(10^9)-... system followed in most other parts of the world, the Indian numbering system uses ones(10^0)-thousands(10^3)-lakhs(10^5)-crores(10^7)-...
So, for example, half a million subscribers (500,000) would translate to 5 lakh subscribers (5,00,000).
If you ignore syntax and pretend that the following is a snippet of Java code, you can declare that a variable x always holds an int, like so:
var x: int = y + 5
Here x is the variable being defined, it is declared to hold values of type int, and its initial value is given by the term y + 5.
In many mainstream languages, types and terms live in distinct universes. One starts by asking whether types and terms are all that different. The first step in this direction of inquiry is what are called refinement types. With our imaginary syntax, you can write something like:
val x: { int | _ >= 0 } = y + 5
Once again, x is the variable being defined, it is declared to always hold a value of type int at all relevant instants in all executions, and that its initial value is given by the term y + 5. But we additionally promise that x will always hold a non-negative value, _ >= 0. For this to typecheck, the typechecker must somehow also confirm that y + 5 >= 0.
But anyway, we have added terms to the previously boring world of types. This allows you to do many things, like so:
val x: int = ...
val y: int = ...
val z: { int | _ >= x && _ >= y } = if x >= y then x else y
We not only declare that z is an integer, but also that it always holds a value that exceeds both x and y.
You asked for the type of a function that multiplies two numbers. The type would look weird, so let me show you an imaginary example of the type of a function that computes the maximum:
val f : (x : int) -> (y : int) -> { int | _ >= x && _ >= y } = ...
This doesn't really get you to the maximum, because f might be computing max(x, y) + 5, but it does show the idea.
The final step in this direction is what are called full-blown dependent types, where the line between types and terms is completely erased.
Or at least not completely extinct in South India. Some of my favorite childhood memories are from these messes (short for mess hall, I assume). You go there, pay what they ask, eat what they serve.
MTR, Brindavan on MG Road (though that's long gone), Iyer Mess in Malleshwaram.
What they lack in choice they usually make up for in taste.
You're right that they have a more traditional ambience and newer restaurants offer more choice, but they are definitely thriving in the parts of Bangalore that I grew up in.
Yeah sorry I intended there to be a more clear constraint on the claim I was making. It's mostly extinct in the anglosphere, so english doesn't really differentiate. But the concept itself is still popular globally.
I agree that over-reliance on pictograms frequently causes confusion.
I remember reading an article some time ago about European vs North American traffic signs. The article was praising the European system that relies more heavily on icons over the North American system which is more text-heavy. I can't remember the details now, but I remember disagreeing vehemently with the article.
I find many of the traffic icons (particularly the ones indicating something about parking, stopping and one-way streets) very unintuitive. I strongly prefer the text-heavy signage that I see in the US.
People literally take courses on the meaning of the traffic icons.
That's why they are not confusing. If people take courses on the meaning of the icons on your software's menu, and you need to save every millisecond from them recognizing the items, that's the way to go.
If both don't apply to you, you should do something different.
It's not really accurate to call them the "European system". These signs are used in many countries. Which also immediately tells you why icons are more useful than text: language barriers.
Where the US is one big area with a single language, that's not the case in the rest of the world. Processing words in a foreign language takes longer than just seeing the same traffic signs in a slight variation.
As for intuitiveness. I don't know, I kind of subscribe to the notion that the only intuitive interface is the nipple. Everything else is learned. What people call intuitive is just familiarity. The traffic signs are easy to get familiar with if you grow up with them. A systems-minded (or traffic-interested) kid can easily learn the meaning of most traffic signs long before they can read fast enough.
They have to have pictograms in Europe because of things like emergency stop buttons marked "NOT" in Germany[0], on top of having dozen different languages. They need a system that is deliberately disconnected from languages, ideally but optionally corrected for biases.
North America can just get away with text labels because en_US is dominant in NA and learning curve for HMIs in English is flat as it gets.
0: Naturally, means emergency. If you think that's odd, English "emergency" is also just "arising" if taken literal. Emerging what?
I had never thought about point 1, and never knew about points 2 and 3.
Growing up in India, iodized salt was the norm. Given that I'm vegetarian, now that I have moved the US, I have continued to use iodized salt for my own cooking. Whatever Morton / Kroger / other grocery store brand is most readily available. I usually keep it stored in an airtight plastic jar but use it for cooking like normal.
Should I be worried about iodine loss during cooking?
I'm not a physicist, but from my understanding, the situation is a bit more complicated than the phrasing in your question suggests.
Observation #1: The light from far-away galaxies is redshifted (spectral lines are a bit off from where we'd expect them to be). This suggests that these galaxies are moving away from us. The farther away the galaxy, the more it is redshifted. This suggests that the farther away the galaxy, the faster it is moving. Observations indicate that the recession speed is directly proportional to distance.
This observation is consistent with general relativity, which suggests an expanding universe with homogeneous mass.
But on a smaller scale, gravitational binding somehow takes over, and on even smaller scale, things like electromagnetic and nuclear interactions start having a greater impact, and that's why the Milky Way isn't itself expanding. For that matter, even Andromeda (0.8 Mpc) is too close to be affected by Hubble-style expansion, which only becomes observable at the multi-megaparsec scale.