I prefer a more "physical" explanation - you have two carriers: sin(wt) and cos(wt), and you're modulating bits I and Q onto the two carriers and adding them up before transmitting. Now, mathematically, that's the same as representing the two bits as I+jQ and multiplying it with cos(wt)+jsin(wt). Demodulation is simply multiplying that output with the complex conjugate cos(wt)-jsin(wt), which in physical terms translates to mixing with a local oscillator output and low pass filtering.

Why would you want two carriers?

Twice as much information.

My go-to for I/Q is: Having two allows you to represent negative frequencies. With a normal, real signal, this is of course impossible (negative frequencies will automatically mirror the positive ones), but if you have a signal centered around e.g. 1 MHz, there's room for above-1MHz and below-1MHz to be meaningfully different. And _that_ allows you to get a complex signal (I/Q), once you pull the center down to 0 Hz for convenience of calculation.

I have only two peeves with typst.

1. They should have carried forward the latex standard as-is for math, instead of getting rid of the backslash escape sequence, etc.

2. There is no way to share a variable across a file's scope - so can't have a setting that is shared across files - not even with state variables.

Other than this, typst is solid, and with the neovim editor and tinymist lsp, is great to write with.

Regarding point 1: I'm so glad they didn't keep the math syntax, there's finally progress in math text input! E.g. we can now write

  $
    ZZ &= { ..., -1, 0, 1, ... } \
    QQ &= { p/q : p, q in ZZ }
  $

  $
    a = cases(
      0 & quad x <= 0,
      mat(1, 2; 3, 4) vec(x, y) & quad x > 0
    )
  $

instead of

  \begin{align*}
    \mathbb{Z} &= \{ \dots, -1, 0, 1, \dots \}, \\
    \mathbb{Q} &= \left\{ \frac{p}{q} : p, q \in \mathbb{Z} \right\}
  \end{align*}

  \[
    a = \begin{cases}
      0 & \quad x \leq 0, \\
      \begin{pmatrix}1 & 2\\ 3 & 4\end{pmatrix}
      \begin{pmatrix}5\\6\end{pmatrix} & \quad x > 0
    \end{cases}
  \]

Regarding point 2: you can put your settings in a file `settings.typ` and import it from multiple files.

> Regarding point 2: you can put your settings in a file `settings.typ` and import it from multiple files.

Let's say I have 3 flavors of settings and 10 different typ files - normally I'd just have 3 flavors of top.typ (top1.typ, top2.typ, top3.typ) with the correct settings for each flavor with settings proagated to all 10 files. Compiling top1/top2/top3 would then create flavor1.pdf, flavor2.pdf, and flavor3.pdf

Now how do I do it with settings1.typ, settings2.typ and settings3.typ? I have to go into the 10 different files and include the appropriate settings file! Or employ hacks like creating a common settings.typ using bash in the Makefile and including the common settings.typ in the 10 different files.

Edit: This is an actual use case - I'm helping with a resume, and have 3 different resume styles - a resume, a cv, and a timeline - and different files like education, work experience, honors, awards, publications, projects, etc and the level of detail, style, and what is included or not in each is controlled by which resume style is active. In latex I did this using \newcommand and the ifthenelse package.

In typst, I have had to resort to passing these global settings as arguments to functions spread across these different files, so each resume item (function) instantiated from the top file has a bunch of parameters like detail_level = 1, audited_courses = true, prefix_year = false, event_byline = true, include_url = true, etc., which make the functions unweildy.

Just have a master settings.typ that you import in top1.typ, top2.typ and top3.typ?

Alternatively, you can pass global settings at build time with `typst c --input name=value`

Maybe I misunderstood though, if you can link to an actual example (gist or something) I'd be happy to try and give a concrete solution.

> Just have a master settings.typ that you import in top1.typ, top2.typ and top3.typ?

Yes, but each included file (like education.typ, publications.typ, etc) should also get these settings propagated from top - which typst doesn't allow - the appropriate settings need to be included in each of these files.

> you can pass global settings at build time with `typst c --input name=value`

This is something I did not know - will check.

You can import settings.typ in top.typ, and then import top.typ in education.typ. This way the variable/function definitions will propagate.

Or you can import settings.typ in all files that need it (education.typ, etc.).

What doesn't work is to have a file like top.typ contain

  import "settings.typ": *
  import "education.typ": *

and hope that this will make settings available in education.typ. Because each .typ file is "pure" in the sense that it only knows the variables/functions that are defined in the file, or imported. This way you don't have a file magically affecting the bindings available in another file, which is nice.

It's true there are cases where you'd like something like the above. Currently you can do something like that using states and context (basically putting the "settings" into the document and retrieving that) but it's not so nice. In the future the plan is to make this nicer by allowing custom type definitions (and having show rules and set rules work with them as they work with built-in types).

Agreed. I’ve done a far bit of math in both and typst’s choices are way more memorable and ergonomic.

It’s not like keeping the syntax would really gain typst anything besides folks not having learn new things.

You could use unicode-maths?

Looks very good. Was looking to replace ltex (which is really slow), but for some reason the nvim-lspconfig filetype setting for harper doesn't seem to have (la)tex listed as a default, although markdown and typst are listed. Anyone knows why?

Harper maintainer here

We've had some contributors have a go at adding LaTeX support in the past, but they've yet to succeed with a truly polished option. The irregularity of LaTeX makes it somewhat difficult to parse.

We accept contributions, if anyone is interested in getting us across the finish line.

CCTV capture of complete takeoff: https://x.com/ShivAroor/status/1933165937399648447

I'm told not to speculate, but I'm going to do it anyway because this video clearly shows there was an issue going to full thrust. It's an extremely rare dual engine failure or pilots' error not calling up full thrust to keep it flying. Very possible this is the famous bird strike issue Capt. Sullenburger experienced in 2009.

But doesn't seem like a bird strike issue here, right? And given the rarity of a dual engine failure, seems to point to not calling up full thrust? But seems to me that this kind of error would be more common without any technical safeguards?

It's interesting that up to about 30s in the video you can see the plane climbing normally, then it loses power and starts falling, about 10s after take off.

Apparently the pilot radioed "Mayday…no thrust, losing power, unable to lift!” 11 secs after takeoff.

It would seem to fit with a bird strike on both engines. Or contaminated fuel I guess. The stuff about flaps seems irrelevant.

Quite likely this and Jeju Air crash in Korea and Sully landing in the Hudson were all caused by bird strike taking out both engines.

There is a lot of dust at the 20s mark, I’d assume that there shouldn’t be dust on normal takeoffs at busy airports.

It’s possible they had to use part of the runway that most other takeoffs don’t need to extend to. Just pure speculation.

Is it normal to have human operators pointing the camera around like that? It almost look like they expected something to happen.

It's not uncommon, people like planes.

Extremely slow takeoff. The engines appeared to have both quit. And the plane did a slow descent and crash.

Those slow seconds of falling must be psychological torture. If I'm in a plane crash I want it to be instantaneous.

It looks like it was fast enough that most people on board probably didn't realize they were about to crash, or they crashed within seconds of the realization. As torturous as that must have been, it was thankfully very very brief.

Apparently, there's a survivor.

https://x.com/sidhant/status/1933160167816007842

“Thirty seconds after take off, there was a loud noise and then the plane crashed. It all happened so quickly,” said Ramesh, speaking to the Hindustan Times. He said he “impact injuries”, including bruising on his chest, eyes and feet but was otherwise lucid and conscious. https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/jun/12/air-india...

Seat 11A. That's interesting, typically most survivors are located in the back, this one was in the front-center.

The plane seemed to come down tail down so I guess that end would have absorbed the shock more. 11A is front left by the way.

I meant the section of the plane was between front and center, behind business class.

Someone on the r/aviation thread speculated 11A would be right above the gear assembly and is hardened.

I cannot comment on this specific point, but /r/aviation in general is terrible after an accident.

11A was next to the emergency exit. There was a comment on Reddit suggesting he actually bailed just before impact.

That doesn't make sense. 100+mph into terrain is going to go way worse for you out of a seat than in it.

You ~cannot~ don't want to "bail just before impact"

A plane at takeoff is pressurized, and that pressure holds the doors closed, as well as the physical locks. You cannot open it.

Don't believe random reddit comments. Average people know less than nothing about planes.

Speaking of random people knowing less than nothing: I believed that at takeoff and landing, planes were slightly overpressurized to increase airframe rigidity. I think I got that impression from a very old pilot, so either it used to be true or it was never true and I'm just wrong.

This person probably did not bail out of the plane in order to survive, but maybe you COULD open the doors at takeoff and landing, not that you want to.

Additional edit: I've actually flown a few times while running the barometer on my phone for funzies. I might be able to find a log of data to confirm or deny my mistaken belief! It's fun to do because you can see the pressurization increase signalling that the pilots are preparing for descent even before they tell you!

The pressure inside is not more than atmospheric pressure at the ground. In fact I think they only maintain the pressure of around 1000m or so. There would be absolutely no point pressurising the cabin higher than atmospheric pressure at sea level and if they did you'd feel it before the plane took off.

They redact some part of the text on the ticket, but leave the scancode unredacted, which contains all of this text and more :P

I call bullshit.

Looking at the "mock" document (https://github.com/iamgio/quarkdown/tree/main/mock) which is supposed to be a comprehensive and detailed guide for all visual elements, I don't see ways of getting anything other than basic markdown tables. How do you get merged cells? Cell formatting? Typst has some nice ways of implementing sophisticated grids and tables.

Also how do you implement things like different page numbering for front matter content and the main content? In general, the "simplicity" of markdown seems to be taking away a lot of granular control that people use LaTeX and Typst for.

...accessed through Obsidian (esp on mobile) -- On Android, you can "Open folder as vault"

Or neovim with FzfLua (on laptop)

Do different kids get different meals in US schools? I mean for non-medical or dietary purposes? The article doesn't seem to be very clear on that... Is it that when the school's debt gets to a certain point, all kids' meals are replaced by "alternative meals"? Or do some kids' meals only get switched? If so what is the deciding criterion?

Varies enormously between states and school districts.

In our public elementary school, there are two or three options each day: a hot meal of some sort, some days a hot vegetarian meal, and a salad bar that kids can choose what they want from (which usually includes some options that you wouldn't call "salad").

It's not fine dining, but the quality and variety is generally pretty decent. The kids have accounts, and parents are expected to refill a negative balance, but every kid gets the lunch of their choice regardless.

I believe the current rules ( https://www.fns.usda.gov/nslp ) require the schools to make some effort to avoid certain allergens.

When my children were in school, their school said that anybody who didn’t have lunch would be given a “sun butter” sandwich and food from the cafeteria. I wasn’t familiar with sun butter; it’s peanut butter made from sunflower seeds, because people allergic to peanuts may not be allergic to sunflower seeds.

Only kids who can't afford the "regular" meals get switched to alternative meals.

Only in some places. In others (like ours) they can keep buying lunch when they've a debt. The kid just can't buy side items (junk food like cookies, ice cream, chips, soda)

This is not a universal.

> When the school's debt ...

It's not the school's debt, it's individual families. If they fall behind on lunch fees, their children have to eat cold meals.

> Do different kids get different meals in US schools? I mean for non-medical or dietary purposes?

Depends. US schools are run by the states, so it varies from place to place. As other commenters have said, some states just fund lunch so debt isn't an issue. I'm sure some accommodate dietary requirements & preferences more than others.

My experience was that if you have specific requirements that the school can't meet, you just bring your own lunch. If you're lucky enough to have organized parents.

I can remember at least in High School that usually happens. None of it is healthy or good but you are allowed choice.

Apart from Excel, isn't google docs or libreoffice a viable alternative?

Depends on what you do. You lose like 85% of the features but I bet most users never touch any on them.

Lots of documents have to be styled in a very particular way. These rules aren’t laws of physics, they’re made by humans to make other people’s lives more miserable than it’s necessary

Absolute most of the time what is offered by markdown is enough.

When doing my thesis I was asking myself “is it really that important to use 16pt font or 14pt one or this is a made up rule because someone said so many years ago”

I don't think this has anything to do with using AI for prep. 20 years ago I was interviewing candidates who had somewhat lied on their resume, knew some of the things that they'd written about, but had everything fall apart under a little more questioning of what exactly they'd done and why.

I think the difference is that you used to need a certain knowledge to be able to bullshit. You could still do it, but it would mainly be to embellish stuff you already somewhat know. With LLMs, it's easy to make it write a whole page of interview prep you can use to hide your tracks, without any prior knowledge. My guess is they saw that kapwing wanted experience in X,Y,Z and made an LLM create projects that sounds real in a way you otherwise wouldn't be able to do as easily.

From the article:

> but it had been some time ago, and they never worked on any of the features

It appears that the candidate might have actually worked on the daycare app, but not on what they said they worked - i.e., the ratelimiting and pagination. It appears that they might have been working on the frontend, and took the liberty of "expanding" their role - this used to be extremely common in a big sample of the resumes, and I'm guessing it still is. They might have used AI to prep - they used to use google earlier, but the prep was (and is) still inadequate if you've not actually worked on and implemented it. I don't think it was an entirely LLM created project...

Well I guess if the candidate would be a little be stronger and actually trying to reason with the LLM about the decision it suggested, he would be better prepared and maybe got away with his claims.

Or as current best chess player Magnus Carlson said, "if I would cheat, you would never know". Meaning very strong candidates will get away with flexing the truth with AI. But this means maybe, you shouldn't look for a perfect fit. Or check his merit by spending time and money to get in touch with his old companies.

Yeah.. but if he didn't actually work exactly on it, but took the effort to learn from coworkers (or LLMs or google or wherever) and is able to answer my questions on what he did, and more importantly on why he decided to do something a certain way and not some other way, then he/she must have spent considerable amount of time actually learning about it and figuring things out. So I'd still hire him/her. The trouble is most people who embellish are either not competent to go deep enough to learn, or think that they can get away with some superficial knowledge of it.

Wouldn't be surprised if the whole post was actually written up by AI as a "subtle" way of promoting the company, fueled by riding out the outrage from hiring managers on linkedin