By default fio will read or write the whole thing. There are options to control how much will be read or written, perhaps bounded by time rather than space. The default output format of fio displays the results in both SI (10^x) and IEC (2^x) units per second. Other output formats are available that give values in bytes.
NVMe drive vendors always market size in GB (or TB) and data rates in GB/s.
Ahh, just realised it also interprets block size as KiB instead of KB.
I have this config:
bs=512KB
size=16GB
But it interprets KiB and GiB so this was causing my confusion.
The IOPS and timing is basically identical.
So output seems fine but it always interprets parameters as SI.
Edit:
Actually after looking into it more. It seems like there is a good chance that fio reports GiB and KiB in output and it also does the calculation based on that but in reality it uses GB/KB so measurements are a bit wrong.
> Modern enterprise NVMe SSDs are very fast…. This is a simple benchmark on a Samsung PM9A1 on a with a theoretical maximum transfer rate of 3.5 GB/s. … It should be noted that this is a sub-optimal setup that is less powerful than what the PM9A1 is capable of due to running on a downgraded PCIe link.
Samsung has client, datacenter, and enterprise lines. The PM9A1 is part of the OEM client segment and is about the same as a 980 Pro. Its top speeds (about 7GB/s read, 5GB/s write) are better than the comparable datacenter class drive, PM9A3. This top speeds comes with less consistent performance than you get with a PM9A3 or an enterprise drive like a PM1733 from the same era (early PCIe Gen 4 drives).
My back yard neighbors live on a private street with an HOA. When the city water pressure went high for a brief period of time, they were one of the few places to have water lines burst. Their private supply lines were not of the same rating as the city lines that supply similar neighborhoods. Since this was private, this HOA was on the hook for ripping up the street, repairing water lines, and fixing their street. Being a customer that doesn’t normally need such services, the fix was done a couple months after the water lines break. They had a week or so with no water and many weeks of water being fed to their homes via hoses connecting a fire hydrant and the spigots they would normally use to get water outside.
They were so lucky this happened in the summer. In the winter, the hoses would have frozen solid.
These folks were very sad the city’s water utility couldn’t do the work. They fix water main breaks within a couple days, usually the same day.
The Ultra 5 (desktop) and Ultra 10 (tower) were a cost cutting exercise that put an UltraSPARC IIi (2i) onto what I think was an ATX form factor motherboard. It used ATA drives, USB keyboard and mouse, a VGA port, etc. This was an act of desperation from Sun, not an example of their best engineering.
That said, compared the performance of a $3500 Ultra 10 with 512 MiB of RAM to $10k+ Sun Ultra 30’s and HP C180’s, each with 128 MiB of RAM. These prices were after applying significant edu discounts. The heftier sheet metal, SCSI drives, and nostalgia did not allow these traditional UNIX workstations to touch the performance of the much cheaper Ultra 10 with 4x the RAM.
The missing part of this recipe is to make it so that when your internet exposed app gets compromised the attacker doesn’t have easy access to your home network.
I greatly appreciate the fact that solutions to the real concern you point out are not somehow bundled into this. There are many ways to deal with isolating the backend, and I prefer my own, and evolving them as and when I wish. Cloudflare Tunnel is a primitive that solves the part I can't without much greater effort and expense.
You're right, and I edited my comment accordingly, but I asked Google and got this interesting AI response, so I guess a lot of people on the internet make the same mistake, since AI just echos its training data:
The term "Continental United States" (CONUS) generally refers to the 48 contiguous states plus the District of Columbia, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. It encompasses the landmass of the United States located on the North American continent. While sometimes confused with the "contiguous United States," which also refers to the 48 states, "continental" specifically emphasizes the geographical location on the continent.
I’m confused how a premium priced laptop comes with an NVMe drive that uses host memory buffer (HMB) rather than having sufficient RAM on the drive. At Amazon, a better drive like a WD SN850x costs 25% less than the GOODRAM drive they include.
4.083 / 3.802 = 1.0739
2^30 / 10^9 = 1.0737
I think the same rate was likely achieved but there is confusion between GiB and GB.
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