Funny how your mayer example is actually proprietary closed-source software. So being an open source project carried by a large community doesn't seem to be an actual drawback -- if at all, a Solarwinds-like attack is far more improbably to succeed in a popular and well run open source project than in the darkness of closed source.
Mbox is useful for backups and for migration between different email systems (that use different databases internally). Mbox is also fine if you only have a hundred or so email folders and only process a few dozen emails a day, say for personal use (e.g. Thunderbird or k9).
I agree that mbox is not okay for large scale mail servers. Maildir+ works much better in such cases.
So does Maildir; reusing it between Mutt and GNUs or Claws Mail should be a child's play.
Once you have tar to preserve perms just in case, your are done.
Mbox on big mailboxes it's hell, anyone can understand that linear parsing will be slow as hell. It's like looking up a word file in a dictionary word by word from A to Z instead of directly heading to the first word letter...
This does not appear to be an ingot, as silicon would be prior to being cut, but a film grown on some substrate, itself called a "wafer," so perhaps silicon?
The film itself is one atomic layer in thickness?
I don't know how you would make "wells" that form a FET, either for the source and drain, or for the larger complimentary wells of CMOS.
I don't know how advanced the thinking is to do this, or an equivalent.
Many semiconductor materials cannot be grown as ingots that are later cut into wafers, like it is done with silicon or germanium, but they are grown epitaxially as thin layers on wafers made of other semiconductor or insulator materials that have a compatible crystal structure.
Most gallium nitride devices, like those that are used now in miniature chargers for laptops/smartphones, are made like this.
Using this technique for indium selenide is a standard procedure, not something surprising.
The "wells" are made by doping with various kinds of atoms, which is normally done by ion implantation, i.e. a ion beam inserts the desired impurities into the crystal, at the desired depth.
In very thin devices, like in most modern CMOS technologies, the doped zones no longer look like "wells". For an N-channel MOSFET, you just have from source to drain 3 zones of alternating polarity, n-p-n. The middle zone is surrounded partially or even totally by the gate insulator.
No, a user that is only granted SELECT may write to the database.
The trivial example is sorting.
A more nuanced example, in the world of Oracle, is block cleanout. A block may be encountered that has been modified by a past transaction where the commit status is not immediately known; the query session is responsible for either updating the (confirmed) commit status, or rolling back the block from the UNDO/rollback disk image.
So readers always write, likely in every database to some degree.
Sorting doesn't write to a database. You can check yourself by looking at last-modified-by timestamps on database files. They don't change. Gigantic sorts may need to write to a temp file but the temp file isn't part of the database, it's a temp file.
And I don't know how Oracle works under the hood, but the entire point of transactional multiuser databases is that one user can read while another writes a transaction. A read neither commits nor rolls back a separate transaction currently in progress. It reads from the pre-transaction state.
In Oracle, a user has a default tablespace, and a temporary tablespace.
When a sort exceeds SORT AREA SIZE, then it writes into a sort segment in their registered temporary tablespace. Any or all of the datafiles behind this tablespace will show updated mtime. All users share a single sort segment within a tablespace.
And users running SELECT will write to the database if a delayed block cleanout needs to occur.
All of that sounds like implementation details to do with files.
No logical database writing occurs. The relational data in the database cannot be changed by a SELECT command, which is the point of user permissions. Even if temp disk space is used or stale data gets cleaned up in the process, that is irrelevant in the context of preventing inserts/updates/deletes. So not sure why you're bringing it up?
https://archive.ph/74N1x